# Tirzepatide Research References — Full Citation Index

> Complete citation index for the tirzepatide research digest: SURPASS-1 through SURPASS-CVOT, SURMOUNT-1 through SURMOUNT-5, mechanistic studies, and the FDA prescribing record.

The following references are the source literature for quantitative claims across this site. All citations are drawn from the peer-reviewed literature, the FDA prescribing record, or FDA drug label documentation.

[1] Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020;5(17):e140532. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140532. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7526454/

[2] Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frías JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1). Lancet. 2021;398(10295):143-155. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01324-6. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)01324-6/abstract

[3] Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2). N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503-515. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34170647/

[4] Del Prato S, et al. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4). Lancet. 2021;398(10313):1811-1824. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02188-7. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02188-7/abstract

[5] Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1). N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205-216. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658024/

[6] Wadden TA, Chao AM, Machineni S, et al. Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity (SURMOUNT-3). Nature Medicine. 2023;29(11):2909-2918. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02597-w. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37840095/

[7] Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction (SURMOUNT-4). JAMA. 2024;331(1):38-48. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.24945. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38078870/

[8] Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-5). N Engl J Med. 2025;393(1):26-36. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2416394. https://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa2416394

[9] Kaneko S. Tirzepatide: A Novel, Once-weekly Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist. touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology. 2022;18(1):10-17. DOI: 10.17925/EE.2022.18.1.10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9354517/

[10] Urva S, Coskun T, Loghin C, et al. Tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22:1886-1891. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14110. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7539915/

[11] Frias JP, De Block C, Brown K, et al. Tirzepatide Improved Markers of Islet Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity (SURPASS-2 substudy). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(7):1745-1753. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae038. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38252888/

[12] Lingvay I, Mosenzon O, Brown K, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction with tirzepatide in SURPASS clinical program. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:66. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01797-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10039543/

[13] Patel H, Khunti K, Rodbard HW, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events and weight reduction in SURPASS clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26(2):473-481. DOI: 10.1111/dom.15333. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37853960/

[14] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Prescribing Information — Tirzepatide Injection. FDA Drug Label. 2024. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2024/217806s013lbl.pdf

[15] Zeng Q, Xu J, Mu X, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder disease). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1214334. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1214334. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10613702/

[16] Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, et al. Tirzepatide for MASH with Liver Fibrosis (SYNERGY-NASH). N Engl J Med. 2024;391(4):299-310. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2401943. https://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa2401943

[17] Bhatt DL, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity (SUMMIT). N Engl J Med. 2024;391(22):2057-2068. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2410027. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2410027

[18] Malhotra A, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity (SURMOUNT-OSA). N Engl J Med. 2024;391(13):1193-1205. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2404881. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38912654/

[19] Nicholls SJ, Bhatt DL, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-CVOT). N Engl J Med. 2025;393:2409-2420. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2505928. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2505928

[20] Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention (SURMOUNT-1 3yr). N Engl J Med. 2025;392(13):1227-1239. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2410819. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2410819

[21] Coskun T, et al. Tirzepatide modulates adipocyte nutrient metabolism through long-acting GIP receptor activation. Cell Metabolism. 2024;36(7):1411-1429.e13. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.05.014. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1550413124001864

[22] Liu QK. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2024;15:1431292. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1431292. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11304055/

[23] Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide — GI tolerability (SURMOUNT-5). N Engl J Med. 2025;393(1):26-36. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2416394. https://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJMoa2416394

[24] Schneck K, Urva S. Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2024;13:494-503. DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13099. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38356317/

[25] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Prescribing Information — Tirzepatide Injection: Drug Interactions and Contraindications. FDA Drug Label. 2024. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2024/217806s013lbl.pdf

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The tirzepatide clinical record — mechanism, trials, and pharmacokinetics — read from primary sources, cited numerically, and held by no clinic and no vendor.