Jump to content
Medicine Tirzepatide

A research digest on tirzepatide — the dual GIP/GLP-1 incretin peptide, summarized from the published clinical literature.

References

Every citation used across the tirzepatide research digest. DOIs and PubMed links included where available.

  1. Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020;5(17):e140532. ↗
  2. Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frías JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10295):143-155. ↗
  3. Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. (SURPASS-2 Investigators). Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503-515. ↗
  4. Del Prato S, et al. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10313):1811-1824. ↗
  5. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. (SURMOUNT-1 Investigators). Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205-216. ↗
  6. Wadden TA, Chao AM, Machineni S, et al. Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial. Nature Medicine. 2023;29(11):2909-2918. ↗
  7. Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;331(1):38-48. ↗
  8. Jastreboff AM, et al. (SURMOUNT-5 Investigators). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(1):26-36. ↗
  9. Kaneko S. Tirzepatide: A Novel, Once-weekly Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology. 2022;18(1):10-17. ↗
  10. Urva S, Coskun T, Loghin C, et al. The novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selective long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22:1886-1891. ↗
  11. Frias JP, De Block C, Brown K, et al. Tirzepatide Improved Markers of Islet Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in People With T2D (SURPASS-2). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(7):1745-1753. ↗
  12. Lingvay I, Mosenzon O, Brown K, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction with tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes: insights from SURPASS clinical program. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:66. ↗
  13. Patel H, Khunti K, Rodbard HW, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events and weight reduction in people with type 2 diabetes treated with tirzepatide in the SURPASS clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26(2):473-481. ↗
  14. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Prescribing Information — Tirzepatide Injection: Boxed Warning, Thyroid C-cell Tumor Risk; Drug Interactions and Contraindications. FDA Drug Label (accessdata.fda.gov). 2024. ↗
  15. Zeng Q, Xu J, Mu X, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1214334. ↗
  16. Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, et al. (SYNERGY-NASH Investigators). Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(4):299-310. ↗
  17. Bhatt DL, et al. (SUMMIT Investigators). Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(22):2057-2068. ↗
  18. Malhotra A, et al. (SURMOUNT-OSA Investigators). Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(13):1193-1205. ↗
  19. Nicholls SJ, Bhatt DL, et al. (SURPASS-CVOT Investigators). Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2025;393:2409-2420. ↗
  20. Jastreboff AM, et al. (SURMOUNT-1 Investigators — 3-year extension). Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(13):1227-1239. ↗
  21. Coskun T, et al. Tirzepatide modulates the regulation of adipocyte nutrient metabolism through long-acting activation of the GIP receptor. Cell Metabolism. 2024;36(7):1411-1429.e13. ↗
  22. Liu QK. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2024;15:1431292. ↗
  23. Jastreboff AM, et al. (SURMOUNT-5 Investigators). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity — GI tolerability data. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(1):26-36. ↗
  24. Schneck K, Urva S. Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2024;13:494-503. ↗
  25. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Prescribing Information — Tirzepatide Injection: Drug Interactions and Contraindications. FDA Drug Label (accessdata.fda.gov). 2024. ↗