Citation Index

References

Every citation used across the tirzepatide research digest. DOIs and PubMed links included where available.

The following references are the source literature for quantitative claims across this site. All citations are drawn from the peer-reviewed literature, the FDA prescribing record, or FDA drug label documentation. Tirzepatide is an FDA-approved compound; the trial data summarized here comes primarily from the SURPASS program (type 2 diabetes, 10 phase 3 trials) and the SURMOUNT program (obesity and related conditions).

  1. [1] Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020;5(17):e140532. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140532 · PMID: 32730231 ↗ PubMed Central
  2. [2] Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frías JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10295):143-155. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01324-6 · PMID: 34246336 ↗ The Lancet
  3. [3] Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. (SURPASS-2 Investigators). Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503-515. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519 · PMID: 34170647 ↗ PubMed
  4. [4] Del Prato S, et al. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10313):1811-1824. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02188-7 · PMID: 34793696 ↗ The Lancet
  5. [5] Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. (SURMOUNT-1 Investigators). Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205-216. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038 · PMID: 35658024 ↗ PubMed
  6. [6] Wadden TA, Chao AM, Machineni S, et al. Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial. Nature Medicine. 2023;29(11):2909-2918. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02597-w · PMID: 37840095 ↗ PubMed
  7. [7] Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;331(1):38-48. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.24945 · PMID: 38078870 ↗ PubMed
  8. [8] Jastreboff AM, et al. (SURMOUNT-5 Investigators). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(1):26-36. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2416394 · PMID: 40320028 ↗ NEJM
  9. [9] Kaneko S. Tirzepatide: A Novel, Once-weekly Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology. 2022;18(1):10-17. DOI: 10.17925/EE.2022.18.1.10 · PMID: 35949358 ↗ PubMed Central
  10. [10] Urva S, Coskun T, Loghin C, et al. The novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selective long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22:1886-1891. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14110 · PMID: 32562320 ↗ PubMed Central
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  12. [12] Lingvay I, Mosenzon O, Brown K, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction with tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes: insights from SURPASS clinical program. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:66. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01797-5 · PMID: 36966306 ↗ PubMed Central
  13. [13] Patel H, Khunti K, Rodbard HW, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events and weight reduction in people with type 2 diabetes treated with tirzepatide in the SURPASS clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26(2):473-481. DOI: 10.1111/dom.15333 · PMID: 37853960 ↗ PubMed
  14. [14] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Prescribing Information — Tirzepatide Injection: Boxed Warning, Thyroid C-cell Tumor Risk; Drug Interactions and Contraindications. FDA Drug Label (accessdata.fda.gov). 2024. ↗ FDA.gov
  15. [15] Zeng Q, Xu J, Mu X, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1214334. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1214334 · PMID: 37859997 ↗ PubMed Central
  16. [16] Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, et al. (SYNERGY-NASH Investigators). Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(4):299-310. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2401943 ↗ NEJM
  17. [17] Bhatt DL, et al. (SUMMIT Investigators). Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(22):2057-2068. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2410027 ↗ NEJM
  18. [18] Malhotra A, et al. (SURMOUNT-OSA Investigators). Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(13):1193-1205. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2404881 · PMID: 38912654 ↗ PubMed
  19. [19] Nicholls SJ, Bhatt DL, et al. (SURPASS-CVOT Investigators). Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2025;393:2409-2420. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2505928 ↗ NEJM
  20. [20] Jastreboff AM, et al. (SURMOUNT-1 Investigators — 3-year extension). Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(13):1227-1239. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2410819 · PMID: 39546316 ↗ NEJM
  21. [21] Coskun T, et al. Tirzepatide modulates the regulation of adipocyte nutrient metabolism through long-acting activation of the GIP receptor. Cell Metabolism. 2024;36(7):1411-1429.e13. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.05.014 · PMID: 38906100 ↗ Cell Metabolism
  22. [22] Liu QK. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2024;15:1431292. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1431292 · PMID: 39114288 ↗ PubMed Central
  23. [23] Jastreboff AM, et al. (SURMOUNT-5 Investigators). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity — GI tolerability data. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(1):26-36. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2416394 · PMID: 40320028 ↗ NEJM
  24. [24] Schneck K, Urva S. Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2024;13:494-503. DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13099 · PMID: 38356317 ↗ PubMed
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